{"id":676,"date":"2026-03-10T10:43:41","date_gmt":"2026-03-10T10:43:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.proagros.sk\/?p=676"},"modified":"2026-03-17T23:10:58","modified_gmt":"2026-03-17T23:10:58","slug":"historicky-vyvoj-metrickych-jednotiek-pouzivanych-v-polnohospodarstve-vo-svete","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.proagros.sk\/hu\/historicky-vyvoj-metrickych-jednotiek-pouzivanych-v-polnohospodarstve-vo-svete\/","title":{"rendered":"A mez\u0151gazdas\u00e1gban haszn\u00e1lt metrikus m\u00e9rt\u00e9kegys\u00e9gek t\u00f6rt\u00e9neti fejl\u0151d\u00e9se vil\u00e1gszerte"},"content":{"rendered":"

Po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstvo<\/b> patr\u00ed medzi najstar\u0161ie \u013eudsk\u00e9 \u010dinnost\u00ed. U\u017e prv\u00ed ro\u013en\u00edci museli vedie\u0165, ko\u013eko p\u00f4dy obr\u00e1baj\u00fa a ak\u00fa \u00farodu m\u00f4\u017eu o\u010dak\u00e1va\u0165. K\u00fdm v\u0161ak dnes farm\u00e1r v kab\u00edne traktora sleduje digit\u00e1lny displej, v minulosti bola miera subjekt\u00edvna. <\/span>Na meranie sa pou\u017e\u00edvali jednotky z\u00e1visl\u00e9 od kult\u00fary \u010di regi\u00f3nu, \u010do v\u0161ak s rozmachom svetov\u00e9ho obchodu prestalo sta\u010di\u0165. Chaos v mierach zastavil a\u017e vznik <\/span>medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho metrick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu (SI)<\/b>. <\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

Obsah \u010dl\u00e1nku<\/h4><\/div>
<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

V minulosti –<\/b> sa \u00faroda po\u010d\u00edtala na <\/span>mno\u017estvo vriec<\/b> z neur\u010ditej \u010dasti po\u013ea.<\/span>
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

V s\u00fa\u010dasnosti<\/b> – agron\u00f3m pracuje s jednotkou <\/span>t\/ha (tony na hekt\u00e1r)<\/b>. Ak p\u0161eni\u010dn\u00e9 pole s rozlohou <\/span>50 hekt\u00e1rov<\/b> dosiahne priemern\u00fd v\u00fdnos <\/span>6 t\/ha<\/b>, agron\u00f3m vie, \u017ee do s\u00fdpky mus\u00ed uskladni\u0165 <\/span>300 ton<\/b> zrna.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Prv\u00e9 syst\u00e9my merania<\/h2>\n

Najstar\u0161ie zn\u00e1me syst\u00e9my merania vznikli u\u017e v <\/span>4. – 3. tis\u00edcro\u010d\u00ed pred Kristom<\/b> v starovekom <\/span>Egypte, Mezopot\u00e1mii, \u00fadol\u00ed Indu<\/b> a pravdepodobne aj v<\/span> Elame<\/b> (Ir\u00e1n). \u013dudia \u010das\u0165ami tela, ako predlakt\u00edm, rukou alebo prstom, merali d\u013a\u017eku a \u010das ur\u010dovali pod\u013ea pohybu Slnka, Mesiaca a hviezd.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

VEDELI STE, \u017dE?<\/b>
\n<\/span>… pre v\u00e1\u017eenie sa pou\u017e\u00edvali semen\u00e1 a kamene ako \u0161tandardy? Napr\u00edklad slovo kar\u00e1t, pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd dodnes pri drahokamoch, poch\u00e1dza z n\u00e1zvu pre semen\u00e1 rohovn\u00edka oby\u010dajn\u00e9ho. <\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

Anat\u00f3mia ako prv\u00fd meter<\/h2>\n

Medzi najstar\u0161ie meracie jednotky d\u013a\u017eky pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 v Indii patr\u00ed <\/span>egyptsk\u00fd lake\u0165, dhanus (luk), krosa (krik) <\/b>alebo<\/span> yojana (javisko).<\/b><\/p>\n

Be\u017en\u00fd lake\u0165<\/b> sa ur\u010doval ako vzdialenos\u0165 od lak\u0165a po \u0161pi\u010dku prostredn\u00edka a delil sa na men\u0161ie \u010dasti – dla\u0148, prst alebo pol lak\u0165a. Pre farm\u00e1ra to bola praktick\u00e1 pom\u00f4cka pri dom\u00e1cej v\u00fdrobe vriec \u010di ko\u0161ov na plodiny.<\/span>
\n<\/span>
\n<\/span>Kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00fd lake\u0165<\/b> bol dlh\u0161\u00ed a predstavoval \u0161t\u00e1tnu normu. Pou\u017e\u00edval sa pri stavbe budov a pamiatok v Egypte.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

R\u00edmska stopa<\/b> sa delila na 12 – 16 prstov, pri\u010dom<\/span> r\u00edmska m\u00ed\u013ea<\/b> mala 1000 krokov. V\u010faka tejto jednotke farm\u00e1r presne vedel, ako \u010faleko m\u00e1 cestu na trh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Yard<\/b> sa delil na men\u0161ie \u010dasti a jeho p\u00f4vod pravdepodobne s\u00favisel s lak\u0165om alebo mierou kr\u00e1\u013ea. Na meranie sa za\u010dali pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 ty\u010de, \u017erde a bidl\u00e1, ktor\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148ovali farm\u00e1rom presne ur\u010di\u0165 hranice pozemkov.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

Od zrnka k tonam<\/h2>\n

Najstar\u0161ou jednotkou bol <\/span>grain<\/b> (zrnko). I\u0161lo o skuto\u010dn\u00e9 zrnko p\u0161enice alebo ja\u010dme\u0148a, ktor\u00e9 bolo pre svoju st\u00e1lu v\u00e1hu ide\u00e1lnym meradlom pre vz\u00e1cny tovar – zlato, striebro. Z tejto jednotky sa postupne vyvinuli v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie miery.<\/span><\/p>\n

Libra<\/b> – mal\u00e1 jednotka v\u00e1hy, asi 0,3\u20130,5 kg. Farm\u00e1r ju pou\u017e\u00edval na meranie obilia, syra alebo vajec, ktor\u00e9 pred\u00e1val na trhu.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0160ekel<\/b> – mal\u00e1 hmotnos\u0165 striebra cca 11\u201314 g, sl\u00fa\u017eila aj ako platidlo. Farm\u00e1r \u0148ou platil n\u00e1jom, dane alebo nakupoval semen\u00e1 a n\u00e1radie.<\/span><\/p>\n

Talent<\/b> – ve\u013ek\u00e1 jednotka, asi 30\u201340 kg. Farm\u00e1r si ju vedel predstavi\u0165 ako z\u00e1soby na cel\u00fa zimu alebo ve\u013ek\u00fa da\u0148 pre kr\u00e1\u013ea.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

VEDELI STE, \u017dE?<\/b>
\n<\/span>\u2026 ak farm\u00e1r predal 200 libier p\u0161enice dostal za ne \u0161ekely? A ke\u010f zhroma\u017edil 1 talent p\u0161enice, mal obrovsk\u00fa z\u00e1sobu, ktor\u00e1 pokryla potreby rodiny alebo sl\u00fa\u017eila ako da\u0148?<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

V Brit\u00e1nii sa pou\u017e\u00edvali v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie jednotky, ako <\/span>kame\u0148, \u0161tvr\u0165, stovka a tona.<\/b><\/p>\n

Kame\u0148<\/b> – asi 6,35 kg. Farm\u00e1r v\u00e1\u017eil napr\u00edklad ovce alebo mal\u00e9 vrecia obilia a vedel, ko\u013eko \u201ekame\u0148ov\u201c m\u00e1 nalo\u017ei\u0165 na voz.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0160tvr\u0165<\/b> – 4 kamene, teda asi 25 kg. V\u010faka tomu farm\u00e1r vedel, \u017ee n\u00e1klad dok\u00e1\u017ee odnies\u0165 s pomocou voz\u00edka alebo nieko\u013ek\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed.<\/span>
\n<\/span>
\n<\/span>Stovka<\/b> – 100 libier, pribli\u017ene 45 kg. Farm\u00e1r vedel, \u017ee jedno tak\u00e9to balenie predstavuje n\u00e1klad, ktor\u00fd prepravuje voz alebo lo\u010f.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tona<\/b> – asi 1 016 kg, teda pribli\u017ene 40 \u0161tvrt\u00ed. Pou\u017e\u00edvalo sa na dlhodob\u00e9 z\u00e1soby alebo ve\u013ek\u00e9 dod\u00e1vky pre mesto \u010di obchodn\u00edkov.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>

<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Matematika pol\u00ed<\/h2>\n

Pred zaveden\u00edm metrick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu sa plocha pol\u00ed merala <\/span>pod\u013ea pr\u00e1ce zvierat<\/b>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Vo <\/span>Franc\u00fazsku<\/b> sa pou\u017e\u00edval <\/span>arpent <\/b>– pribli\u017ene 0,4\u20130,5 hekt\u00e1ra. Farm\u00e1r vedel, \u017ee arpent je plocha, ktor\u00fa dok\u00e1\u017ee obrobi\u0165 p\u00e1r volov za de\u0148. V <\/span>Kanade<\/b> (najm\u00e4 v Qu\u00e9becu) sa <\/span>arpent <\/b>pou\u017e\u00edval a\u017e do 20. storo\u010dia.<\/span><\/p>\n

V<\/span> Nemecku a Rak\u00fasku-Uhorsku<\/b> (vr\u00e1tane Slovenska) dominoval <\/span>morga<\/b>. Jeden <\/span>morga<\/b> mal okolo 0,25\u20130,36 hekt\u00e1ra. Bol to <\/span>\u201er\u00e1no\u201c <\/b>– plocha, ktor\u00fa dok\u00e1zal p\u00e1r kon\u00ed alebo volov zora\u0165 za jedno rann\u00e9 pracovn\u00e9 obdobie.<\/span><\/p>\n

Na <\/span>Slovensku a v \u010cesku<\/b> sa pou\u017e\u00edval aj<\/span> lan <\/b>alebo<\/span> l\u00e1n<\/b> – ve\u013ek\u00e1 jednotka okolo 18\u201324 hekt\u00e1rov, \u010dasto spojen\u00e1 s poddansk\u00fdmi usadlos\u0165ami. Men\u0161ie pole sa meralo v <\/span>jutr\u00e1ch<\/b> (podobne ako morga) alebo v <\/span>korcoch<\/b>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

VEDELI STE, \u017dE?<\/b>
\n<\/b>… slovo \u201e<\/span>morga<\/b>\u201c poch\u00e1dza zo starogerm\u00e1nskeho \u201emorgin\u201c = r\u00e1no? Farm\u00e1r r\u00e1no za\u010dal ora\u0165 a do ve\u010dera mal \u201ejedno r\u00e1no\u201c obroben\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div>

V<\/span> \u010c\u00edne<\/b> dominoval <\/span>m\u01d4<\/b> –\u00a0 pribli\u017ene 666,7 m\u00b2 (0,0667 ha). Farm\u00e1r vedel, \u017ee jeden m\u01d4 je plocha, ktor\u00fa dok\u00e1\u017ee obrobi\u0165 jeden \u010dlovek za de\u0148.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

V<\/span> Indii<\/b> sa pou\u017e\u00edval <\/span>bigha<\/b> – hodnota sa l\u00ed\u0161ila pod\u013ea regi\u00f3nu (od 0,25 do 0,6 ha). Farm\u00e1r po\u010d\u00edtal pod\u013ea v\u00fdsevu alebo dane – napr\u00edklad <\/span>\u201ep\u00e4tina bigha\u201c<\/b> bola mal\u00e9 pole na zeleninu.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

V <\/span>Japonsku <\/b>farm\u00e1ri dodnes hovoria o <\/span>ch\u014d<\/b> – pribli\u017ene 0,9917 ha (takmer 1 ha). Men\u0161ie pole sa meralo v <\/span>tan<\/b> ( 0,099 ha) alebo<\/span> tsubo<\/b> (asi 3,3 m\u00b2). Tieto jednotky sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa najm\u00e4 pri <\/span>predaji p\u00f4dy<\/b> alebo v<\/span> tradi\u010dnom hospod\u00e1rstve.<\/b><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

Ke\u010f v\u00fdsev ur\u010doval rozmer zeme<\/h2>\n

\u00daroda bola \u010dasto meran\u00e1 pod\u013ea <\/span>v\u00fdsevu<\/b>. V <\/span>stredovekom Anglicku<\/b> farm\u00e1r po\u010d\u00edtal pole pod\u013ea toho, ko\u013eko semien potreboval – napr\u00edklad bushel (bu\u0161el) bol objem obilia na v\u00fdsev akra.<\/span><\/p>\n

V starom <\/span>R\u00edme<\/b> sa pou\u017e\u00edval <\/span>modius<\/b> (okolo 8,7 litra) na obilie. Farm\u00e1r vedel, \u017ee jedno pole vy\u017eaduje ur\u010dit\u00fd po\u010det <\/span>modiov<\/b> semien a o\u010dak\u00e1val <\/span>5\u201310-n\u00e1sobn\u00fd v\u00fdnos<\/b>.<\/span><\/p>\n

V <\/span>19. storo\u010d\u00ed<\/b> sa v mnoh\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch pre\u0161lo na<\/span> hektolitre na hekt\u00e1r (hl\/ha)<\/b>. Napr\u00edklad p\u0161enica mala v\u00fdnos 20\u201330 hl\/ha. To umo\u017enilo porovn\u00e1va\u0165 farmy v r\u00f4znych regi\u00f3noch.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dnes<\/b> je <\/span>\u0161tandard t\/ha<\/b> (tony na hekt\u00e1r), preto\u017ee v\u00e1ha je presnej\u0161ia ako objem \u2013 obilie m\u00e1 r\u00f4znu vlhkos\u0165 a hustotu.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

VEDELI STE, \u017dE?<\/b>
\n<\/b>… v 19. storo\u010d\u00ed sa v Uhorsku (vr\u00e1tane Slovenska) meral v\u00fdnos v metrick\u00fdch centoch na jutro? Jeden cent = 100 kg, jutro \u2248 0,575 ha. Farm\u00e1r tak vedel, \u010di m\u00e1 dobr\u00fd rok.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

Preh\u013ead historick\u00fdch a modern\u00fdch mern\u00fdch jednotiek<\/h2>\n<\/div>
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Kateg\u00f3ria<\/strong><\/th>\nJednotka<\/strong><\/th>\nDefin\u00edcia \/ ve\u013ekos\u0165<\/strong><\/th>\nPou\u017eitie<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
D\u013a\u017eka<\/td>\nBe\u017en\u00fd lake\u0165<\/td>\nVzdialenos\u0165 od lak\u0165a po \u0161pi\u010dku prostredn\u00edka<\/td>\nMeranie vriec, ko\u0161ov, hran\u00edc pozemkov<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
D\u013a\u017eka<\/td>\nKr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00fd lake\u0165<\/td>\nDlh\u0161\u00ed ako be\u017en\u00fd lake\u0165 (\u0161t\u00e1tna norma)<\/td>\nStavba budov, pamiatok, hran\u00edc pol\u00ed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
D\u013a\u017eka<\/td>\nR\u00edmska stopa<\/td>\n12\u201316 prstov<\/td>\nVzdialenos\u0165 na trh, m\u00edle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
D\u013a\u017eka<\/td>\nYard<\/td>\nS\u00favisel s lak\u0165om \/ kr\u00e1\u013eovskou mierou<\/td>\nMeranie hran\u00edc pozemkov<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
D\u013a\u017eka<\/td>\nDhanus, Krosa, Yojana<\/td>\nJednotky ve\u013ek\u00fdch vzdialenost\u00ed<\/td>\nV\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie vzdialenosti<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Plocha<\/td>\nHekt\u00e1r (ha)<\/td>\n10 000 m\u00b2<\/td>\nV\u00fdnosy, plocha pol\u00ed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Plocha<\/td>\nAcre (aker)<\/td>\n~0,4047 ha<\/td>\nTradi\u010dn\u00e1 plocha p\u00f4dy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hmotnos\u0165<\/td>\nGrain<\/td>\nHmotnos\u0165 zrnka obilia<\/td>\nV\u00e1ha drah\u00fdch kovov, obilia<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hmotnos\u0165<\/td>\nLibra<\/td>\n~0,3\u20130,5 kg<\/td>\nTrhov\u00e9 merania<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hmotnos\u0165<\/td>\n\u0160ekel<\/td>\n~11\u201314 g<\/td>\nPlatidl\u00e1, dane<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hmotnos\u0165<\/td>\nTalent<\/td>\n~30\u201340 kg<\/td>\nVe\u013ek\u00e9 z\u00e1soby<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hmotnos\u0165<\/td>\nKame\u0148 (stone)<\/td>\n~6,35 kg<\/td>\nV\u00e1ha oviec<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hmotnos\u0165<\/td>\n\u0160tvr\u0165 (quarter)<\/td>\n~25 kg<\/td>\nN\u00e1klad na voz\u00edk<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hmotnos\u0165<\/td>\nStovka<\/td>\n~45 kg<\/td>\nBalenie na dopravu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hmotnos\u0165<\/td>\nTona<\/td>\n~1 016 kg<\/td>\nVe\u013ek\u00e9 dod\u00e1vky<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

Cesta k jednotn\u00e9mu meraniu<\/h2>\n

V 17. – 18. storo\u010d\u00ed vedci navrhovali jednotn\u00e9 meracie syst\u00e9my zalo\u017een\u00e9 na desiatkovej s\u00fastave.<\/span> Gabriel Mouton<\/b> v roku 1670 pri\u0161iel s n\u00e1vrhom jednotky d\u013a\u017eky \u201evirga\u201c a s\u00e9riou predp\u00f4n podobnou dne\u0161n\u00e9mu SI. Nesk\u00f4r v roku 1790 <\/span>Thomas Jefferson <\/b>navrhol Spojen\u00fdm \u0161t\u00e1tom zavies\u0165 desiatkov\u00fd syst\u00e9m mier a v\u00e1h, av\u0161ak tento n\u00e1vrh sa neujal.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ke\u010f sa chaos stal merate\u013en\u00fdm<\/h3>\n

Metrick\u00fd syst\u00e9m<\/b> sa zrodil koncom 18. storo\u010dia po\u010das Franc\u00fazskej revol\u00facie. Jeho cie\u013e? Z\u00edska\u0165 <\/span>jednotn\u00fd sp\u00f4sob merania<\/b>, ktor\u00fd by d\u00e1val zmysel ka\u017ed\u00e9mu. Z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 jednotky, <\/span>meter<\/b>, <\/span>liter<\/b>, <\/span>kilogram<\/b> vych\u00e1dzali zo samotnej pr\u00edrody – p<\/span>rirodzen\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed Zeme a vody. <\/span>V\u010faka nim sa meranie stalo jednoduch\u00e9 a praktick\u00e9 v ka\u017edodennom \u017eivote.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

VEDELI STE, \u017dE?<\/b>
\n<\/span>… metrick\u00fd syst\u00e9m vznikol s my\u0161lienkou \u201epre v\u0161etk\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed a na v\u0161etky \u010dasy\u201c? <\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

Podstata fungovania<\/h3>\n

Metrick\u00fd syst\u00e9m pou\u017e\u00edva jednotn\u00fd desiatkov\u00fd princ\u00edp. Predpony ako kilo- alebo mili- ozna\u010duj\u00fa n\u00e1sobky a zlomky jednotiek, \u010do u\u013eah\u010duje v\u00fdpo\u010dty a porovn\u00e1vanie hodn\u00f4t, napr\u00edklad pri meran\u00ed p\u00f4dy alebo \u00farody.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

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Metrick\u00fd vs. Imperi\u00e1lny syst\u00e9m<\/h2>\n

Imperi\u00e1lne miery<\/b> vych\u00e1dzaj\u00fa z \u010dast\u00ed tela alebo be\u017en\u00fdch predmetov. Tento syst\u00e9m dodnes vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa 3 krajiny – <\/span>USA, Lib\u00e9ria a Mjanmarsko<\/b>, av\u0161ak v praxi, sa tento syst\u00e9m \u010dasto prel\u00edna s metrick\u00fdm.<\/span><\/p>\n

Spojen\u00e9 \u0161t\u00e1ty \u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n

Spojen\u00e9 \u0161t\u00e1ty<\/b> s\u00fa krajinou, ktor\u00e1 st\u00e1le vyu\u017e\u00edva imperi\u00e1lne miery. \u010co to znamen\u00e1 v praxi? Be\u017ene sa tu meraj\u00fa vzdialenosti v m\u00ed\u013each a paliv\u00e1 v gal\u00f3noch. Vedci v\u0161ak \u010dasto pracuj\u00fa v metrick\u00fdch jednotk\u00e1ch. Pre farm\u00e1rov to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee pri v\u00fdpo\u010dte hekt\u00e1rov p\u00f4dy alebo ton \u00farody musia prepo\u010d\u00edtva\u0165 hodnoty, aby ich v\u00fdsledky zodpovedali medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fdm \u0161tandardom.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Mjanmarsko a Lib\u00e9ria<\/h3>\n

Mjanmarsko a Lib\u00e9ria<\/b> s\u00fa moment\u00e1lne jedin\u00e9 krajiny, ktor\u00e9 ofici\u00e1lne e\u0161te neprijali metrick\u00fd sp\u00f4sob merania. Napriek tomu sa tu metrick\u00e9 miery be\u017ene pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa. Farm\u00e1ri tak napr\u00edklad po\u010d\u00edtaj\u00fa \u00farodu v kilogramoch alebo v\u00fdmery pol\u00ed v hekt\u00e1roch, hoci star\u0161ie meracie n\u00e1stroje st\u00e1le ukazuj\u00fa lok\u00e1lne hodnoty.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>

Metrick\u00fd vs. Imperi\u00e1lny syst\u00e9m<\/h2>\n

Imperi\u00e1lne miery<\/b> vych\u00e1dzaj\u00fa z \u010dast\u00ed tela alebo be\u017en\u00fdch predmetov. Tento syst\u00e9m dodnes vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa 3 krajiny – <\/span>USA, Lib\u00e9ria a Mjanmarsko<\/b>, av\u0161ak v praxi, sa tento syst\u00e9m \u010dasto prel\u00edna s metrick\u00fdm.<\/span><\/p>\n

Spojen\u00e9 \u0161t\u00e1ty \u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n

Spojen\u00e9 \u0161t\u00e1ty<\/b> s\u00fa krajinou, ktor\u00e1 st\u00e1le vyu\u017e\u00edva imperi\u00e1lne miery. \u010co to znamen\u00e1 v praxi? Be\u017ene sa tu meraj\u00fa vzdialenosti v m\u00ed\u013each a paliv\u00e1 v gal\u00f3noch. Vedci v\u0161ak \u010dasto pracuj\u00fa v metrick\u00fdch jednotk\u00e1ch. Pre farm\u00e1rov to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee pri v\u00fdpo\u010dte hekt\u00e1rov p\u00f4dy alebo ton \u00farody musia prepo\u010d\u00edtva\u0165 hodnoty, aby ich v\u00fdsledky zodpovedali medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fdm \u0161tandardom.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Mjanmarsko a Lib\u00e9ria<\/h3>\n

Mjanmarsko a Lib\u00e9ria<\/b> s\u00fa moment\u00e1lne jedin\u00e9 krajiny, ktor\u00e9 ofici\u00e1lne e\u0161te neprijali metrick\u00fd sp\u00f4sob merania. Napriek tomu sa tu metrick\u00e9 miery be\u017ene pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa. Farm\u00e1ri tak napr\u00edklad po\u010d\u00edtaj\u00fa \u00farodu v kilogramoch alebo v\u00fdmery pol\u00ed v hekt\u00e1roch, hoci star\u0161ie meracie n\u00e1stroje st\u00e1le ukazuj\u00fa lok\u00e1lne hodnoty.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

VEDELI STE, \u017dE?<\/b>
\n<\/span>… <\/span>USA <\/b>v roku 1975 ur\u010dili metrick\u00e9 jednotky za \u201epreferovan\u00fd syst\u00e9m v\u00e1hy a miery\u201c, no t\u00e1to zmena sa nikdy \u00faplne nepresadila?<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

Spojen\u00e9 kr\u00e1\u013eovstvo<\/h3>\n

Spojen\u00e9 kr\u00e1\u013eovstvo<\/b>\u00a0 sa nach\u00e1dza medzi dvoma svetmi. P\u00f4vodne je to krajina imperi\u00e1lneho syst\u00e9mu, ale metrick\u00e9 meranie je tu \u010diasto\u010dne zaveden\u00e9. V be\u017enom \u017eivote \u013eudia st\u00e1le pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa <\/span>m\u00edle na gal\u00f3ny, libry \u010di stony<\/b>. Pri receptoch sa zase pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa \u0161\u00e1lky a polievkov\u00e9 ly\u017eice, a pe\u010denie prebieha pod\u013ea Fahrenheitovej stupnice. Pre farm\u00e1rov to m\u00f4\u017ee znamena\u0165, \u017ee na hnojenie alebo v\u00fdpo\u010det v\u00fdnosov musia kombinova\u0165 oba syst\u00e9my.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

VEDELI STE, \u017dE?<\/b>
\n<\/span>… imperi\u00e1lnym syst\u00e9mom sa na burz\u00e1ch st\u00e1le obchoduje? Napr\u00edklad obilninami v bu\u0161eloch, a bavlnou v libr\u00e1ch<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

Zjednotenie sveta<\/h2>\n

Po <\/span>druhej svetovej vojne<\/b> sa metrick\u00fd syst\u00e9m r\u00fdchlo \u0161\u00edril. V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina <\/span>eur\u00f3pskych kraj\u00edn<\/b> ho zaviedla v <\/span>19.\u201320. storo\u010d\u00ed<\/b>.(Franc\u00fazsko 1795, Nemecko 1872, Rak\u00fasko-Uhorsko 1876).<\/span><\/p>\n

V <\/span>60. rokoch 20. storo\u010di<\/b>a nasledovali <\/span>Austr\u00e1lia, Nov\u00fd Z\u00e9land a Kanada<\/b> – farm\u00e1ri pre\u0161li z akrov na hekt\u00e1re a z libier na kilogramy.<\/span><\/p>\n

Od <\/span>50. rokov<\/b> tla\u010dila <\/span>OSN<\/b> na Afriku a \u00c1ziu. Jednotn\u00e9 miery otvorili dvere hlad\u0161iemu obchodu <\/span>s obil\u00edm, hnojivami aj po\u013enohospod\u00e1rskou technikou.<\/b><\/p>\n

Dnes sa<\/span> t\/ha<\/b> pou\u017e\u00edva takmer v\u0161ade. Jedinou v\u00fdnimkou je <\/span>USA<\/b>, ktor\u00e1 st\u00e1le preferuj\u00fa bushel\/acre (1 acre \u2248 0,4047 ha, 1 bushel p\u0161enice \u2248 27,2 kg).<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

Filozofia merania v modernom po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstve<\/h2>\n

Ani <\/span>nova \u00e9ra<\/b> zjednoten\u00e9ho merania neodstr\u00e1nila v\u0161etky <\/span>nedorozumenia.<\/b> Sta\u010d\u00ed vyslovi\u0165 <\/span>\u201etona\u201c <\/b>a \u010d\u00edsla sa rozch\u00e1dzaj\u00fa. 1000 kg v metrickom svete, 907 kg v USA, 1016 kg v Brit\u00e1nii. Pri <\/span>exporte<\/b> sa tak zdanlivo mal\u00e9 rozdiely menia na drah\u00e9 omyly.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

VEDELI STE, \u017dE?<\/b>
\n<\/b>… modern\u00fd traktor s GPS automaticky po\u010d\u00edta v\u00fdnos v t\/ha a farm\u00e1r ho exportuje priamo do cloudu pre pois\u0165ov\u0148u alebo obchodn\u00edka?<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

Dnes<\/span> metrick\u00fd syst\u00e9m<\/b> (SI) dominuje v modernom po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstve v\u010faka technol\u00f3gi\u00e1m.<\/span>
\n<\/span>
\n<\/span>Digit\u00e1lne technol\u00f3gie <\/b>(GPS, drony, satelity) umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa presn\u00e9 <\/span>mapovanie <\/b>v hekt\u00e1roch a <\/span>v\u00fdnosy<\/b> v t\/ha v re\u00e1lnom \u010dase. Farm\u00e1r vid\u00ed na tablete variabilitu p\u00f4dy a optimalizuje hnojenie.<\/span><\/p>\n

V prec\u00edznom hospod\u00e1rstve sa<\/span> v\u00fdnos<\/b> po\u010d\u00edta v<\/span> t\/ha<\/b> s presnos\u0165ou na desatiny. Traktor s GPS aplikuje hnojivo len tam, kde je potrebn\u00e9, \u010d\u00edm sa \u0161etr\u00ed<\/span> 10\u201320 % n\u00e1kladov<\/b>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div>

\u201eFun facts\u201d na z\u00e1ver<\/h2>\n
    \n
  1. Najstar\u0161\u00ed dochovan\u00fd \u201emerac\u00ed n\u00e1stroj\u201c je egyptsk\u00fd dreven\u00fd lake\u0165 z doby okolo 2650 pred Kr. Mal presne 52,3 cm a na\u0161li ho v hrobe architekta, ktor\u00fd staval pyram\u00eddy.<\/span><\/li>\n
  2. Jednotka \u201egrain\u201c (0,0648 g) sa dodnes pou\u017e\u00edva v zbroj\u00e1rstve a klenotn\u00edctve a st\u00e1le vych\u00e1dza z v\u00e1hy jedn\u00e9ho zrnka ja\u010dme\u0148a.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
  3. V\u010faka metrick\u00e9mu syst\u00e9mu sa dnes celosvetovo obchoduje s pribli\u017ene 2,8 miliardami ton obilia ro\u010dne.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

    Naj\u010dastej\u0161ie kladen\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky<\/h2><\/div>

    <\/i><\/i><\/span>Pre\u010do je dnes d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 vedie\u0165 prepo\u010d\u00edta\u0165 acre na hekt\u00e1re?<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>
    \n

    Kv\u00f4li obchodu s krajinami ako Spojen\u00e9 \u0161t\u00e1ty, kde sa st\u00e1le pou\u017e\u00edva acre.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

    <\/i><\/i><\/span>Ako m\u00f4\u017ee zl\u00e1 interpret\u00e1cia \u201etony\u201c ovplyvni\u0165 export?<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>
    \n

    Rozdiel medzi metrickou a americkou tonou m\u00f4\u017ee znamena\u0165 tis\u00edce eur straty.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

    <\/i><\/i><\/span>Pre\u010do pois\u0165ovne vy\u017eaduj\u00fa v\u00fdnosy v t\/ha?<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>
    \n

    Je to medzin\u00e1rodne porovnate\u013en\u00fd a presn\u00fd \u00fadaj.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

    <\/i><\/i><\/span>Ako pom\u00e1ha GPS farm\u00e1rom pri meran\u00ed p\u00f4dy?<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>
    \n

    Presne ur\u010d\u00ed v\u00fdmeru v hekt\u00e1roch bez ru\u010dn\u00e9ho merania.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

    <\/i><\/i><\/span>Pre\u010do je v\u00e1ha spo\u013eahlivej\u0161ia ne\u017e objem pri obil\u00ed?<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>
    \n

    Vlhkos\u0165 men\u00ed objem, ale kilogram zost\u00e1va rovnak\u00fd.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

    <\/i><\/i><\/span>Ako s\u00favis\u00ed metrick\u00fd syst\u00e9m s dot\u00e1ciami E\u00da?<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>
    \n

    Podpora sa vypo\u010d\u00edtava pod\u013ea presnej v\u00fdmery v hekt\u00e1roch.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

    <\/i><\/i><\/span>Pre\u010do je jednotn\u00fd syst\u00e9m d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fd pri n\u00e1kupe techniky?<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>
    \n

    Stroje a hnojiv\u00e1 sa kalibruj\u00fa pod\u013ea \u0161tandardn\u00fdch jednotiek.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

    <\/i><\/i><\/span>Ak\u00fd probl\u00e9m vznik\u00e1 pri obchodovan\u00ed v busheloch?<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>
    \n

    Bushel m\u00e1 in\u00fa hmotnos\u0165 pod\u013ea plodiny.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

    <\/i><\/i><\/span>Ako pom\u00e1haj\u00fa drony pri v\u00fdpo\u010dte v\u00fdnosu?<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>
    \n

    Mapuj\u00fa pole a ur\u010duj\u00fa variabilitu produkcie v t\/ha.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

    <\/i><\/i><\/span>Pre\u010do je pre mlad\u00fdch farm\u00e1rov jednoduch\u0161ie pracova\u0165 v SI?<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>
    \n

    Digit\u00e1lne technol\u00f3gie pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa metrick\u00e9 jednotky.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

    <\/i><\/i><\/span>Pre\u010do je presn\u00e9 meranie k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 pri prec\u00edznom po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstve?<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>
    \n

    Rozhoduje o spr\u00e1vnej d\u00e1vke osiva, hnojiva aj postrekov.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

    <\/i><\/i><\/span>Ako s\u00favis\u00ed meranie s uhl\u00edkovou stopou farmy?<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>
    \n

    Emisie sa po\u010d\u00edtaj\u00fa na hekt\u00e1r alebo tonu produkcie.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

    <\/i><\/i><\/span>Ako ovplyv\u0148uje presn\u00e9 meranie logistiku?<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>
    \n

    Ur\u010duje kapacitu skladov aj po\u010det kami\u00f3nov.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

    <\/i><\/i><\/span>Ako ovplyv\u0148uje meranie glob\u00e1lny obchod s obil\u00edm?<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>
    \n

    Umo\u017e\u0148uje f\u00e9rov\u00e9 porovnanie cien medzi krajinami.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

    <\/i><\/i><\/span>\u010co by sa stalo bez jednotn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu mier?<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>
    \n

    Medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fd obchod by bol pomal\u0161\u00ed a rizikovej\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":720,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[20,18,19],"class_list":["post-676","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-agrokomodity","tag-agrokomodity","tag-historia","tag-polnohospodarstvo"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.proagros.sk\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/676","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.proagros.sk\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.proagros.sk\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.proagros.sk\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.proagros.sk\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=676"}],"version-history":[{"count":20,"href":"https:\/\/www.proagros.sk\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/676\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":897,"href":"https:\/\/www.proagros.sk\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/676\/revisions\/897"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.proagros.sk\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/720"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.proagros.sk\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=676"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.proagros.sk\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=676"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.proagros.sk\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=676"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}